Medieval and Later Fieldworks

An introduction to medieval and later fieldworks.

By the 16th century continental Europe had seen the development of a new system of fortification, the trace italienne (Italian line). This evolved to mount artillery and counter the effects of shot and shell.

In England, although some permanent fortifications were built in this style, temporary fieldworks of this form generally date from the Civil War 1642-1651. Civil War Fieldworks were often built to strengthen existing urban or castle defences. They were also constructed around other existing features, such as mansions and churches, while others were built to control key bridges and roads. A description of medieval and later fieldworks and their development is included.